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| Abstract |
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| 1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------- |
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| 2 Primer of the Japanese School System------------------------------ |
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| 3 Data---------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 4 Estimation Results----------------------------------------------- |
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| 4.1 The Discontinuity of Variables by Birth Month--------------------- |
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| 4.2 The Implied Return to Education-------------------------------- |
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| 5 Discussion----------------------------------------------------- |
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| 5.1 Birth months and socio-economic background-------------------- |
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| 5.2 Absolute age effect or relative age effect?----------------------- |
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| 6 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------- |
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| References------------------------------------------------------ |
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